الجمعية الدولية للمترجمين العربترجمة مقدمة رواية اللورد جيم للكاتب جوزيف كونراديعقبها تحليل شامل على المستوى اللفظي ومستوى التراكيب والمعانيTranslation of the Introduction of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim
Contents
Acknowledgment
1. Introduction: Linguistic Background 5
2. Source Text 7
3. Target Text
10
10
4- Equivalence at Word Level 12
4.1 Translation by Illustration/ Explanation
4.2 Translation by a more General Word
4.3 Culture-Specific Concepts
4.4 Translation by Omission
4.5 Translation by Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words
4.6
Translation
Using a Loan Word
Translation
Using a Loan Word
5-
Equivalence
above Word Level 17
Equivalence
above Word Level 17
5.1 Collocations
5.2 Idioms
6- Grammatical Equivalence
20
20
6.1 Number
6.2 Gender
6.3 Tense
& Aspect
& Aspect
6.4 Voice
7– Textual Equivalence 25
7.1
Cohesion through Conjunction
Cohesion through Conjunction
7.2 Cohesion
through Reference
through Reference
7.2.1 Co-Reference
8- Micellaneous Items 31
Conclusion
32
32
References
33
33
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Acknowledgment
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I would like to express my deep gratitude
and appreciation to the World Arab Translators’ Association (WATA) in general
and Professor Baker Al Musawi in particular for his guidance and for giving me
this chance to go through this rich experience. I have received a lot of help
and support during the period of the course from Professor Baker whose
instructions were enormously valuable.
and appreciation to the World Arab Translators’ Association (WATA) in general
and Professor Baker Al Musawi in particular for his guidance and for giving me
this chance to go through this rich experience. I have received a lot of help
and support during the period of the course from Professor Baker whose
instructions were enormously valuable.
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1- Introduction: Linguistic Background
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It is true that a gifted
translator may do well without the theoretical knowledge of the different
fields of translation study, but it is equally true that without such knowledge
it is almost impossible to deal with the study of translation on systematic and
academic bases. It is worth mentioning in this respect that studying theories
of translation helped me a lot through my translation project.
translator may do well without the theoretical knowledge of the different
fields of translation study, but it is equally true that without such knowledge
it is almost impossible to deal with the study of translation on systematic and
academic bases. It is worth mentioning in this respect that studying theories
of translation helped me a lot through my translation project.
Several scholars
have recognized the essence of translation and defined it thoroughly. The
definitions suggested by some scholars are mentioned below in order to be aware
of what is exactly meant by the word “translation”.
have recognized the essence of translation and defined it thoroughly. The
definitions suggested by some scholars are mentioned below in order to be aware
of what is exactly meant by the word “translation”.
Catford holds that translation is “the
replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in
another language (TL)” (Catford, 1965:20). By the term “textual” Catford means
that not every individual item in the original text is substituted by an
equivalent item in the translated text. Halliday describes translation as the
establishment of textual rather than lexical or grammatical equivalence. He
maintains that “translation is the relation between two or more texts playing
an identical role in an identical situation”.Widdowson, however, holds that translation
should neither operate on the word level nor even on the sentence level, but on
the level of the text. According to him, a translator has to discover
equivalents on the communicative level of language, rather than on the lexical
or grammatical levels.
replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in
another language (TL)” (Catford, 1965:20). By the term “textual” Catford means
that not every individual item in the original text is substituted by an
equivalent item in the translated text. Halliday describes translation as the
establishment of textual rather than lexical or grammatical equivalence. He
maintains that “translation is the relation between two or more texts playing
an identical role in an identical situation”.Widdowson, however, holds that translation
should neither operate on the word level nor even on the sentence level, but on
the level of the text. According to him, a translator has to discover
equivalents on the communicative level of language, rather than on the lexical
or grammatical levels.
Having introduced
the above attempts at establishing an appropriate definition of translation, we
notice that despite the differences in phraseology, their outcome is similar to
a great extent since they reach the same destination through different routes.
The previous views stress the same point; that is – the translated version
should have the same effect of the original.
the above attempts at establishing an appropriate definition of translation, we
notice that despite the differences in phraseology, their outcome is similar to
a great extent since they reach the same destination through different routes.
The previous views stress the same point; that is – the translated version
should have the same effect of the original.
The problems that I encountered while translating the
text in question are analyzed on different levels as follows:
text in question are analyzed on different levels as follows:
1.
Word
Level 2- Above the Word Level 3-Grammatical Level 4-Textual
Level
Word
Level 2- Above the Word Level 3-Grammatical Level 4-Textual
Level
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2 – Source Text
|
|
3 – Target Text
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مقــدمــة
جوزيف كـونـراد
إن حياة كونراد في حد ذاتها بمثابة قصة من القصص اللافتة
للنظر فهي حافلة بالأحداث والرومانسية وبها ما
يكفى لاستحضار مادة لكتابة رواية مليودرامية أوقع بكثير من الروايات التي
كتبها. ولد بمدينة برديشف بأوكرانيا عام 1857 و تم تعميده باسم جوزيف
تيودور كونراد كورزنيوفسكى (Jozef
Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski ). و كان طفلا لأسرة من الأسر البولندية ذوى
الأملاك. حصل على الجنسية البريطانية عام 1886 ووافته المنية بالقرب من مدينة
كانتربرى عام 1924 حيث عُرف باسم جوزيف كونراد (Joseph Conrad) .
ما بين هذه البداية والنهاية حياة محفوفة
بالمخاطر وحافلة بالمغامرات والقرارات المصيرية والتغيرات غير المتوقعة لمسار
حياته. كان في أوقات عديدة الطفل الوحيد الموجود بالمنفى السياسي بروسيا. كان طالباً متمرداً في بولندا وكان بحاراً مبتدئاً
في مرسيليا وكان مهرباً للأسلحة والذخيرة . قام بمحاولة انتحار في فرنسا بعد أن
كان قد أغرقته الديون. كان بحاراً بسيطاً يرسو على السواحل بغرض التجارة مع مدن سواحل بحر الشمال الإنجليزي .
ثم أصبح ضابطاً بحرياً قديراً وفي عام 1886 صار رُباناً لأعالي البحار. عمل ضابطاً
بحرياً على متن العديد من السفن التجارية التي كانت تتوجه إلى الشرق الأقصى
وأستراليا. كان رُباناً للباخرة أوتا جو في رحلاتها من بانكوك إلى استراليا ثم إلى
موريشيوس. كان قبطاناً لباخرة نيلية
متهالكة تبحر في مياه نهر الكونغو في أفريقيا. وفى نهاية المطاف كان كاتباً
روائياً محترفاً بإنجلترا في الثلاثين عاماً الأخيرة من حياته تقريباً.
بالمخاطر وحافلة بالمغامرات والقرارات المصيرية والتغيرات غير المتوقعة لمسار
حياته. كان في أوقات عديدة الطفل الوحيد الموجود بالمنفى السياسي بروسيا. كان طالباً متمرداً في بولندا وكان بحاراً مبتدئاً
في مرسيليا وكان مهرباً للأسلحة والذخيرة . قام بمحاولة انتحار في فرنسا بعد أن
كان قد أغرقته الديون. كان بحاراً بسيطاً يرسو على السواحل بغرض التجارة مع مدن سواحل بحر الشمال الإنجليزي .
ثم أصبح ضابطاً بحرياً قديراً وفي عام 1886 صار رُباناً لأعالي البحار. عمل ضابطاً
بحرياً على متن العديد من السفن التجارية التي كانت تتوجه إلى الشرق الأقصى
وأستراليا. كان رُباناً للباخرة أوتا جو في رحلاتها من بانكوك إلى استراليا ثم إلى
موريشيوس. كان قبطاناً لباخرة نيلية
متهالكة تبحر في مياه نهر الكونغو في أفريقيا. وفى نهاية المطاف كان كاتباً
روائياً محترفاً بإنجلترا في الثلاثين عاماً الأخيرة من حياته تقريباً.
إنها
حياة غريبة وعجيبة تتسم بالعديد من الأفعال العفوية وبالطبع التغيرات الفجائية.
فأكثر قرار مصيري من بين مختلف القرارات التي اتخذها كونراد كان قراراً في وقت مبكر من حياته: ألا وهو أنه
كان في السادسة عشر فقط من عمره عندما ترك بولندا للأبد بحثاً عن الرزق في البلاد
حيث عمل بحاراً تجارياً. لا يستطيع أحد أن
يعلل بشكل تام الدوافع وراء ما قام به أو الدوافع التي جعلت أقاربه أو الأوصياء
عليه يسمحون له بالقيام بما قام به. ريما كان قرار مغادرة بولندا قراراً حكيماً
شجعته العائلة. و بالرغم من أنه ينتمي لأسرة ذات حسب و نسب، إلا أن
الكبرياء الشديد الذي كان سمة يتسمون بها خيم بظلاله على طفولته . و من الجدير بالذكر أن أبوللو كورزنيوفسكى والد
كونراد كان مواطناً و منادياً بالقومية بتفان و جلد في وقت كانت تقع فيه بولندا ككثير من الأوقات
تحت الحكم الروسي و تعانى من الاضطهاد الروسي لها. إلا أن أنشطته السياسية أسفرت عن إلقاء القبض
عليه و إيداعه بالسجن عام 1861 ثم نفيه إلى شمالي روسيا عام 1862. ومن ثم فإن السنوات الأولى من طفولة
كونراد شهدت سنوات نفى الأسرة والكوارث
التي مرت بها. لقد توفت والدته في
روسيا عام 1865 أما والده الذي وهنت صحته
و خيم عليه الحزن لم يستطع البقاء كثيراً بعد عودته من المنفى ومات بمرض الدرن عام
1869 . و بعد ذلك قامت العائلة وبالأخص
عمه بتقديم يد العون لكونراد ورعايته حيث
اعتنى به عمه ثاديوس بوبرفسكى والذي كان يأخذ على عاتقه مسئوليه
تعليم كونراد فقد اعتنى به مادياً. وكان
بشكل عام وصى عطوف و كثيراً ما تحمل العناء خلال سنوات عديدة من مرحلة الشباب التي
مر بها كونراد
والتي اتسمت بالتهور والطيش والمحن .
من
المؤكد أن قرار ذهاب كونراد للخارج قد سانده بوبروفسكى الذي كان يحاول أن يحصل على
الجنسية النمساوية لهذا الصبي الذي كان
يُنظر له على أنه ابن سجين سياسي قضى أكثر من خمسة و عشرين عاماً يؤدى خدمة عسكرية إجبارية بروسيا إلا أن
المحاولة باءت بالفشل. ولتجنب مخاطر هذا
الأمر مكث كونراد بالخارج حيث كان بمأمن أكثر حتى أنه بعد بضع سنوات كان بوبروفسكى يحثه على عدم زيارة بولندا مرة أخرى
حتى يتم التأكد من حصوله على الجنسية البريطانية. لكن قرار ذهاب كونراد للعمل بالبحر و التدريب
على التجارة البحرية كان قراره وحده.
هذا القرار قد أصاب العائلة بالدهشة حيث
لم يكن من عرف العائلة أن يلتحق أحد أفرادها بمثل هذه الأعمال أو أن يكون له علاقة بالبحر. ربما كان هذا القرار نتاج قراءات كثيرة في فترة
طفولته عن أدب الرحلات وقصص
المغامرات مع ولعه بالجغرافيا تلك المادة التي لفتت انتباهه التفاتا شديداً .
على
أية حال فقد سلك طريقة و منذ أولى رحلاته التدريبية على جذر الإنديز الغربية عام
1875 وحتى إلغاء رحلته الأخيرة التي كان مخطط لها أن يكون
كونراد الضابط الأول لها كان يكتسب رزقه من خلال مهنته بحاراً تجارياً. إن بعض الوقائع التي حدثت
في فترة مبكرة بفرنسا ( والتي تضمنت عمليات تهريب الأسلحة و الذخيرة) لم تنم عن سمعة حسنة على الإطلاق لكن
بعد قراره الذي اتخذه للالتحاق بالأسطول التجاري البريطاني اكتسب مؤهلاته كضابط
على فترات منتظمة فيما يبدو بشكل مؤكد أنه كان انتصاراً للعمل الجاد والهدف المحدد.
بشكل عام كان عمله بالبحر عملاً غريب الأطوار. ففي ذات مرة أصدر
الأوامر بإبحار السفينة أوتا جو وكان لديه عادة دائمة ألا و هي التشاجر مع
ضباط السفينة و تغيرهم لمراكزهم على
السفينة دون إبداء أي سبب واضح في الوقت الذي يبدون فيه على حالة من الاستقرار
التام و إدارة الأمور بنجاح. من الناحية
الاحترافية كان ضابطاً كفئاً أما على
المستوى الشخصي فكان دائماً ما يبدو عليه القلق
والاندفاع و التردد. ذلك السلوك ربما يكون السبب فى التحاقه بعمل غير مستقر
مما تسبب في حدوث قلق و إصابة بخيبة أمل
في الكثير من الأوقات لعمه و لأصحاب العمل الذي كان يلتحق به لكن هذا العمل منحه
أيضاَ خبرة كبيرة عن طبيعة الناس و
الأماكن و الأحداث في أجزاء شتى من العالم.
لقد كانت سنوات التدريب طويلة و مثيرة للعجب للشخص الذي قُدر له أن يكون
روائياً فيما بعد… لشخص روائي بالفطرة
ذي خبرة وذكاء ثاقبين ومتواصلين تجاه ما يُدره عليه العالم من مرارة الأيام منذ
نعومة أظافره.
في
الواقع قام كونراد باعتباره كاتباً باستغلال خبراته مراراً و تكراراً وبشكل منتظم
وبتوظيف الشخصيات التي قد كان يقابلها في أسفاره. فكثيراً ما كانت تظهر هذه
الشخصيات مع تغير طفيف في الأحداث وبأسماء قريبة جدا لأسمائها الحقيقية لدرجة
تمكنا بيقين شديد من تتبع خلفية أعماله المستوحاة من واقع الحياة إلا أن كونراد لم يكن ببساطة راوياً
لقصصٍ عن سيرته الذاتية فخياله الخصب يشمل كل الناس والأماكن والأحداث الموجودة بذاكرته والتي كانت
نتاج لخبرته.إن معرفة شئ ما عن حياته الخاصة ككل وعن الأحداث التفصيلية التي ترتكز
عليها رواية ما يعد بالنسبة لحالته من العوامل المساعدة خاصةً على فهم طبيعة عمله
حيث يتيح لنا ذلك أن نرى ما الذي استرعى انتباهه ودفع بخياله للعمل لكن ليس من
الحكمة أيضا عقد مقارنات دقيقة بين واقع وخيال إلا إن تذكرنا أن خيال كونراد خيال
غير عادى لدرجة أنه في الوقت الذي يكتب فيه قصة لإشباع رغباته تكون القصة بمنأى عن
مصادرها الحقيقية وتعتبر فقط عمل روائي كما لو كانت من وحي الخيال تماماً. (هذا
الشيء يوضع في
الاعتبار عندما ننظر إلى الأناس الحقيقيين والأحداث الواقعية التي جعلها كونراد
الركيزة لروايتها اللورد
جيم ) .
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4 – Equivalence at Word Level
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Some problems arise from the lack of equivalence at
word level. The question is: what does a translator do when there is no word in
the target language which expresses the same meaning as the source language
word? (Mona Baker 1992: 10)
word level. The question is: what does a translator do when there is no word in
the target language which expresses the same meaning as the source language
word? (Mona Baker 1992: 10)
The answer of the above question is proposed by Mona
baker herself. She suggests some strategies that may guide the translator.
baker herself. She suggests some strategies that may guide the translator.
4.1 Translation by Illustration / Explanation
Example 1:
The meaning of (which included the smuggling), (L.58)
is understood only by illustration since it is not mentioned what the word (smuggling)
is referring to in that context. A reference was made at the very beginning of
the SLT to explain what kind of explanation is necessary here. It
reads:
is understood only by illustration since it is not mentioned what the word (smuggling)
is referring to in that context. A reference was made at the very beginning of
the SLT to explain what kind of explanation is necessary here. It
reads:
و التي
تضمنت عمليات تهريب الأسلحة و الذخيرة
تضمنت عمليات تهريب الأسلحة و الذخيرة
Example 2:
ST: The real
–life background to his work (line 81)
–life background to his work (line 81)
TT: خلفية أعماله المستوحاة من واقع
الحياة
الحياة
Example 3:
I encountered a
problem with the verbs of the following sentence: his imagination enriches
and transforms all the people (line82, 83).
problem with the verbs of the following sentence: his imagination enriches
and transforms all the people (line82, 83).
I exerted my effort to explain the general meaning of
the sentence by sticking to the meaning of the verbs. The suggested explanation
was:
the sentence by sticking to the meaning of the verbs. The suggested explanation
was:
فخياله
الخصب يشمل كل الناس و الأماكن و الأحداث الموجودة بذاكرته.
الخصب يشمل كل الناس و الأماكن و الأحداث الموجودة بذاكرته.
Example 4:
The English
sentence in line 8 does not clarify what kind of direction. Therefore, some
modification was made to clarify the meaning of the word (direction).
sentence in line 8 does not clarify what kind of direction. Therefore, some
modification was made to clarify the meaning of the word (direction).
ST: (and
unexpected changes of direction) (L8).
unexpected changes of direction) (L8).
TT: و التغيرات
غير المتوقعة لمسار حياته
غير المتوقعة لمسار حياته
Example 5:
ST: he died near Canterbury in 1924 as
Joseph Conrad.
Joseph Conrad.
TT: وافته
المنية بالقرب من مدينة كانتربرى عام 1924 حيث عرف باسم جوزيف
كونراد
المنية بالقرب من مدينة كانتربرى عام 1924 حيث عرف باسم جوزيف
كونراد
Example
6
6
ST: during several years of youthful
extravagances, escapades and misfortunes.
extravagances, escapades and misfortunes.
TT: خلال مرحلة الشباب التي مر بها كونراد و التي اتسمت بالتهور و الطيش
والمحن
والمحن
Example
7:
7:
ST: and from his first. Apprentice
voyage to the West Indies.
voyage to the West Indies.
TT: منذ أولى
رحلاته التدريبية إلى جزر الإنديز الغربية………
رحلاته التدريبية إلى جزر الإنديز الغربية………
Example
8:
8:
ST: But the decision that Conrad should go
to sea…………..
to sea…………..
TT: لكن قرار
ذهاب كونراد للعمل بالبحر………
ذهاب كونراد للعمل بالبحر………
Example
9:
9:
ST:
of giving up posts
of giving up posts
TT:تغيرهم مراكزهم
على السفينة
على السفينة
Example
10
10
ST: They seemed perfect settled.
TT: يبدون على حالة من الاستقرار التام
Example
11
11
ST: Trading
along the North Sea coast of England (L.12).
along the North Sea coast of England (L.12).
TT: بغرض التجارة
مع مدن سواحل بحر الشمال الإنجليزي .
مع مدن سواحل بحر الشمال الإنجليزي .
4.2 Translation by a more General Word
The
verb supply in line 2 was not translated literally. A more general word
was used to suit the target context.
verb supply in line 2 was not translated literally. A more general word
was used to suit the target context.
لاستحضار مادة
لكتابة رواية ميلودرامية
لكتابة رواية ميلودرامية
4.3 Culture – Specific Concepts
The source language text expresses a concept which
sounds unfamiliar to the target culture. This is due to the fact that it is
related to a religious belief. The concept is underlined in the following
sentence:
sounds unfamiliar to the target culture. This is due to the fact that it is
related to a religious belief. The concept is underlined in the following
sentence:
Example 1
ST: He was born at Berdichev in the Ukraine in 1857
and christened Jozef Teodor Konrad……
and christened Jozef Teodor Konrad……
TT:
وٌلد بمدينة برديف بأوكرانيا عام 1857و تم تعميده باسم جوزيف
تيودور كونراد……
وٌلد بمدينة برديف بأوكرانيا عام 1857و تم تعميده باسم جوزيف
تيودور كونراد……
I assume if I wrote it as follows, it would give the
reader a quite passive impression about the quality of the TLT.
reader a quite passive impression about the quality of the TLT.
و تم تنصيره باسم جوزيف تيودور كونراد !
Example 2:
A similar problem was found in line 5 – 6 :
ST: Having been naturalised as a British citizen in ……………
TT:
حصل على الجنسية البريطانية عام …………..
حصل على الجنسية البريطانية عام …………..
A word – for – word translation is extremely doomed to
failure:
failure:
TT:
بعد أن تم تجنيسه كأحد الرعايا البريطانيين
بعد أن تم تجنيسه كأحد الرعايا البريطانيين
Such
a kind of translation leaves a negative effect since it lacks any kind of
creative structure. Besides, the concepts (تجنيس) and (رعايا) may sound strange to the target culture.
a kind of translation leaves a negative effect since it lacks any kind of
creative structure. Besides, the concepts (تجنيس) and (رعايا) may sound strange to the target culture.
4.4 Translation by Omission
This
strategy may sound drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a
word or expression in some contexts. Baker (1996:40)
strategy may sound drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a
word or expression in some contexts. Baker (1996:40)
Example
(1):
(1):
ST:
Having been naturalized as a British citizen in 1886, he died near
Canterbury in 1924 as Joseph Conrad.
Having been naturalized as a British citizen in 1886, he died near
Canterbury in 1924 as Joseph Conrad.
TT:
حصل على الجنسية البريطانية عام 1886 ووافته المنية بالقرب من مدينة كانترى عام 1924 حيث عرف باسم جوزيف
كونراد.
حصل على الجنسية البريطانية عام 1886 ووافته المنية بالقرب من مدينة كانترى عام 1924 حيث عرف باسم جوزيف
كونراد.
Example (2):
ST: But the decision that Conrad should go to sea and
train for the merchant marine was the boy’s alone.
train for the merchant marine was the boy’s alone.
لكن
قرار ذهاب كونراد للعمل بالبحر و التدريب على التجارة البحرية كان قراره وحده.
قرار ذهاب كونراد للعمل بالبحر و التدريب على التجارة البحرية كان قراره وحده.
4.5 Translation
by Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words.
by Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words.
Paraphrase may be
based on unpacking the meaning of the source language.
based on unpacking the meaning of the source language.
Example (1):
ST: Although he came
of distinguished and properous ancestry
of distinguished and properous ancestry
TT: و بالرغم
من أنه ينتمي لأسرة ذات حسب و نسب
من أنه ينتمي لأسرة ذات حسب و نسب
Example
(2):
(2):
ST:
who was liable as the son of a political prisoner?
who was liable as the son of a political prisoner?
TT:
الذي كان يُنظر له على أنه ابن سجين سياسي
الذي كان يُنظر له على أنه ابن سجين سياسي
Some modification was made to the above mentioned
examples but my excuse is that translation is the transfer of meaning rather
than words.
examples but my excuse is that translation is the transfer of meaning rather
than words.
4.6
Translation Using a Loan Word
Translation Using a Loan Word
This strategy is particularly common in
dealing with culture – specific items.
(Baker 1996:34)
dealing with culture – specific items.
(Baker 1996:34)
Example:
ST: Lord Jim
TT:
اللورد جيم
اللورد جيم
|
5 – Equivalence above Word Level
|
5.1 Collocations
As Mona Baker (1994: 47) puts it, a collocation is
defined as semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not follow logically
from the propositional meaning of a word. It is also considered in terms of the
tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language.
defined as semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not follow logically
from the propositional meaning of a word. It is also considered in terms of the
tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language.
Besides, “we can, perhaps, see three kinds
of collocational restriction First, some are based wholly on the meaning of the
item. Secondly, some are based on range – a word may be used with a whole set
of words that have semantic features in common. Thirdly, some restrictions are
collocational in the strictest sense, involving neither meaning nor range.”
Frank Palmer (1996: 79).
of collocational restriction First, some are based wholly on the meaning of the
item. Secondly, some are based on range – a word may be used with a whole set
of words that have semantic features in common. Thirdly, some restrictions are
collocational in the strictest sense, involving neither meaning nor range.”
Frank Palmer (1996: 79).
Frank
Palmer’s third kind of collocation can be described in terms of “arbitrariness”.
What he sheds light on is the illogical relation between two words that may
collocate together. These points have been a helpful guideline to me throughout
the research.
Palmer’s third kind of collocation can be described in terms of “arbitrariness”.
What he sheds light on is the illogical relation between two words that may
collocate together. These points have been a helpful guideline to me throughout
the research.
Read the following collocations:
1-
Prudent decision.
(L
.25قرار حكيم
(
Prudent decision.
(L
.25قرار حكيم
(
2-
Distinguished and prosperous ancestory. ( L.
26) أسرة ذات حسب و نسب
Distinguished and prosperous ancestory. ( L.
26) أسرة ذات حسب و نسب
3-
Cast
deep shadows. (L.28)خيم بظلاله على
Cast
deep shadows. (L.28)خيم بظلاله على
4-
Eventful
life. (L. 1)حياة حافلة بالأحداث
Eventful
life. (L. 1)حياة حافلة بالأحداث
5-
Major
decisions. (L. 8)قرارات مصيرية
Major
decisions. (L. 8)قرارات مصيرية
6-
Broken
in health. (L. 34)وهنت صحته
Broken
in health. (L. 34)وهنت صحته
7-
Crushed
by grief (L. 35)خيم عليه الحزن
Crushed
by grief (L. 35)خيم عليه الحزن
8-
Hard
work. (L. 61)العمل الجاد
Hard
work. (L. 61)العمل الجاد
9-
Fallen
into debt. (L. 12) أغرقته الديون
Fallen
into debt. (L. 12) أغرقته الديون
10-
Aroused
his attention.( L. 87 )استرعى انتباهه
Aroused
his attention.( L. 87 )استرعى انتباهه
11-
Life
full of dangers. (L. 7)حياة محفوفة بالمخاط ر
Life
full of dangers. (L. 7)حياة محفوفة بالمخاط ر
12-
Life
full of adventures. (L. 8)حياة حافلة بالمغامرات
Life
full of adventures. (L. 8)حياة حافلة بالمغامرات
13-
His
early childhood. ( L. 75)منذ نعومة أظافره
His
early childhood. ( L. 75)منذ نعومة أظافره
The
translator should render the above collocations into the target language text (TLT)
bearing in mind producing collocations which are typical in the target language. S/he should do his / her best
to preserve the meaning associated with the source collocations.
translator should render the above collocations into the target language text (TLT)
bearing in mind producing collocations which are typical in the target language. S/he should do his / her best
to preserve the meaning associated with the source collocations.
Example: (Cast deep shadows) imparts to the reader a
negative connotation. An equal accurate effect is felt with the word (خيم). However, the strategy of omission has
been used with the adjective (deep) since the effect is rendered without it.
negative connotation. An equal accurate effect is felt with the word (خيم). However, the strategy of omission has
been used with the adjective (deep) since the effect is rendered without it.
Example: A tension between accuracy and naturalness is
noticed while translating (broken in health) and (crushed by grief). Their real
impact is felt in the SLT. However the nearest acceptable collocation in the
target language text (TLT) is (وهنت صحته) and (خيم عليه الحزن).
noticed while translating (broken in health) and (crushed by grief). Their real
impact is felt in the SLT. However the nearest acceptable collocation in the
target language text (TLT) is (وهنت صحته) and (خيم عليه الحزن).
Example:
Similarly, the nearest acceptable collocation which can replace (distinguished
and prosperous ancestory) is (أسرة ذات
حسب و نسب). This
collocation is an example of preserving only the meaning. No typical words can
be used here. No accurate choice of equivalent words!
Similarly, the nearest acceptable collocation which can replace (distinguished
and prosperous ancestory) is (أسرة ذات
حسب و نسب). This
collocation is an example of preserving only the meaning. No typical words can
be used here. No accurate choice of equivalent words!
Example: The Arabic language is highly expressive.
Therefore, many equivalents of single words in the SLT were rendered as
collocations in the TLT.
Therefore, many equivalents of single words in the SLT were rendered as
collocations in the TLT.
–
Who arranged
his education و الذي كان يأخذ على عاتقه مسئولية تعليم
كونراد
Who arranged
his education و الذي كان يأخذ على عاتقه مسئولية تعليم
كونراد
–
Unsuccessfully إلا أن
المحاولة باءت بالفشل
Unsuccessfully إلا أن
المحاولة باءت بالفشل
–
His sea
career was erraticكان عمله بالبحر عملاً غريب
الأطوار
His sea
career was erraticكان عمله بالبحر عملاً غريب
الأطوار
–
Real–life
background خلفية
أعماله المستوحاة من واقع الحياة
Real–life
background خلفية
أعماله المستوحاة من واقع الحياة
5.2
Idioms
Idioms
The source text is written in
an expository form. Such a kind of writing is aimed at providing the reader
with information about a certain point, paying no attention to a figurative
language or metaphorical expressions. This may clarify why this text lacks any idiomatic
expressions.
an expository form. Such a kind of writing is aimed at providing the reader
with information about a certain point, paying no attention to a figurative
language or metaphorical expressions. This may clarify why this text lacks any idiomatic
expressions.
|
6 – Grammatical Equivalence
|
According to Mona Baker (1994:82) every language makes a
different selection from a large set of possible distinctions in terms of
notions such as time, number, gender, shape, visibility, and so on.
different selection from a large set of possible distinctions in terms of
notions such as time, number, gender, shape, visibility, and so on.
In his book Grammar, Palmer focuses on the notional
categories which wrere imposed upon English by the traditional grammarians.
Those categories differ from one language to another as Mona baker calrifies in
chapter four. As far as we are concerened with a camparison between English and
Arabic, the discussion will be mainly focusel on them.
categories which wrere imposed upon English by the traditional grammarians.
Those categories differ from one language to another as Mona baker calrifies in
chapter four. As far as we are concerened with a camparison between English and
Arabic, the discussion will be mainly focusel on them.
6.1
Number
With reference
to the category of number, the main
problem that arises when translating from English to Arabic and vice versa is
that Arabic has singular, dual and plural forms. The number of forms of , for
example, any Arabic verb and its paradigms varies. This does not exist in
English. English has no “dual” forms. “English recognises a distinction between
one and more than one”.Mona Baker says.
to the category of number, the main
problem that arises when translating from English to Arabic and vice versa is
that Arabic has singular, dual and plural forms. The number of forms of , for
example, any Arabic verb and its paradigms varies. This does not exist in
English. English has no “dual” forms. “English recognises a distinction between
one and more than one”.Mona Baker says.
What is logical in a
language may seem illogical in another language. We notice that English has
plural forms after all the ‘plural’ numerals. But Arabic doesn not . In the following example. we find “عاماً”
– which is singular – referring to the plural form “years”.
language may seem illogical in another language. We notice that English has
plural forms after all the ‘plural’ numerals. But Arabic doesn not . In the following example. we find “عاماً”
– which is singular – referring to the plural form “years”.
Example: twenty – five years خمسة و عشرون عاماً
–
Light should be shed on how a
translator can deal with the structure of (a restless, searching intelligence
and experience). A suggested translation is (خبرة و ذكاء ثاقبين و متواصلين).
The translator puts the adjectives in dual forms since they refer to two
things.
Light should be shed on how a
translator can deal with the structure of (a restless, searching intelligence
and experience). A suggested translation is (خبرة و ذكاء ثاقبين و متواصلين).
The translator puts the adjectives in dual forms since they refer to two
things.
–
As a matter of fact, the problem of
dealing with the traditional category of number lies in the translation from
English to Arabic since the translator has to be cautions towards the right
choices of equivalents. For eample, “they often appear” in line 79 has many
possibilities:
As a matter of fact, the problem of
dealing with the traditional category of number lies in the translation from
English to Arabic since the translator has to be cautions towards the right
choices of equivalents. For eample, “they often appear” in line 79 has many
possibilities:
كثيراً ما يظهرون / يظهرون / يظهران / تظهران / تظهر
The suitable form in the TLT is (تظهر).
The above problems arise from the
fact that Arabic distinguishes between one, two and more than two.
fact that Arabic distinguishes between one, two and more than two.
6.2
Gender
One of the noticeable problems that
may arise when translating from English to Arabic is as a result of how each
language deals with (gender). It is said
that English has no gender since gender can be referred to via articles,
adjectives or forms of verbs that show whether one refers to a masculine or
feminine.
may arise when translating from English to Arabic is as a result of how each
language deals with (gender). It is said
that English has no gender since gender can be referred to via articles,
adjectives or forms of verbs that show whether one refers to a masculine or
feminine.
On the contrary, gender can be noticed in Arabic through the
agreement between a noun and the
adjective that follows it. Even the form of the verb in Arabic is affected
according to whether it refers to a feminie or masculine.
agreement between a noun and the
adjective that follows it. Even the form of the verb in Arabic is affected
according to whether it refers to a feminie or masculine.
For Example:
القصص اللافتة
للنظر
للنظر
رواية مليودرامية
الأسر البولندية
حياة محفوفة
بالمخاطر
بالمخاطر
القرارات المصيرية
الطفل الوحيد
الجنسية النمساوية
خبرة و ذكاء ثاقبين
و متواصلين
و متواصلين
كان بحاراً
بسيطاً يرسو
بسيطاً يرسو
ثم أصبح
قام بالعمل
باخرة متهالكة تبحر
توفت والدته
وهنت صحته
خيم عليه الحزن
تغيرهم لمراكزهم
يبدون فيه على حالة من الاستقرار
6.3 Tense and Aspect
There are many distinctions among languages concerning tense and aspect. Tense shows when
an event happens: before now (happened), right now ( is happening) after now (
will happen) or even all the time
(happens) . Hoffman, Th.R.
(1993), Realms of meaning.
an event happens: before now (happened), right now ( is happening) after now (
will happen) or even all the time
(happens) . Hoffman, Th.R.
(1993), Realms of meaning.
We
notice that English and Arabic use the present tense either to describe a fact
or express an action or a state happening or existing at the time of speaking.
notice that English and Arabic use the present tense either to describe a fact
or express an action or a state happening or existing at the time of speaking.
The
present tense is rarely found in the SLT since the text presents a complete
account to the life of Joseph Conrand from his childhood to his
death.
present tense is rarely found in the SLT since the text presents a complete
account to the life of Joseph Conrand from his childhood to his
death.
However,
the following examples were found :
the following examples were found :
1- Conrad’s own
life is……….
life is……….
2- It is a
strange…..
strange…..
3- No one can
completely explain.
completely explain.
4- To avoid
the risk………
the risk………
5- They often appear………
6- This is
something to bear in mind.
something to bear in mind.
7- When we look
at…….
at…….
Translating
the above present- tense sentences constitutes no problem:
the above present- tense sentences constitutes no problem:
1-
إن حياة كونراد بمثابة ………..
إن حياة كونراد بمثابة ………..
2- إنها حياه غريبة……………….
3- لا يستطيع أحد أن……………….
4- و لتجنب مخاطر ……………
5- كثيراً ما تظهر………….
6- هذا شئ يوضع في الاعتبار……….
7-
عندما ننظر………………
عندما ننظر………………
Both languages
use the past simple tense to refer to an action that occurred and finished in
the past. The whole SLT is almost written in the past. The following are just
some of the translated verbs in the past tense.
use the past simple tense to refer to an action that occurred and finished in
the past. The whole SLT is almost written in the past. The following are just
some of the translated verbs in the past tense.
وُلد
– وافته المنية – كان – قام – أغرقته – اعتنى – تحمل – سانده
– وافته المنية – كان – قام – أغرقته – اعتنى – تحمل – سانده
6.4.
Voice
Voice
According to Baker the main function of the passive in
English and in a number of other languages is to avoid specifying the agent
and to give an impression of objectivity. The
Passive allows you to mention an action without saying it.
English and in a number of other languages is to avoid specifying the agent
and to give an impression of objectivity. The
Passive allows you to mention an action without saying it.
For Example:
He was born at………………..وُلد
بمدينة
بمدينة
It is noticeable that English tends to use passive
more than Arabic which has some constraints on passivisation. Therefore, it is
possible to translate the English passive structure into an Arabic active
structure as Larson (1984:19) says:
more than Arabic which has some constraints on passivisation. Therefore, it is
possible to translate the English passive structure into an Arabic active
structure as Larson (1984:19) says:
It is not uncommon that passive constructions will
need to be translated with active constructions or vice versa, depending on the
natural form of receptor language.
need to be translated with active constructions or vice versa, depending on the
natural form of receptor language.
Accordingly, the following passive structures were
translated into Arabic as follows:
translated into Arabic as follows:
1- having been naturalised as……….
و بعد أن حصل على الجنسية
البريطانية
البريطانية
2- marked
by………………
by………………
تتسم بــ
3- Poland
was ruled and oppressed by Russia
was ruled and oppressed by Russia
كانت تقع بولندا تحت الحكم
الروسي و تعانى من الاضطهاد الروسي لها.
الروسي و تعانى من الاضطهاد الروسي لها.
4- Conrad
was supportrd and cared for by his family.
was supportrd and cared for by his family.
قامت العائلة بتقديم يد العون
لكونراد و برعايته
لكونراد و برعايته
5- until his
British citizinship was confirmed.
British citizinship was confirmed.
حتى يتم التأكيد من حصوله على
الجنسية البريطانية.
الجنسية البريطانية.
6- He was
inclined always to be restless.
inclined always to be restless.
فكان دائماً ما يبدو عليه
القلق.
القلق.
7- on which a novel is based.
التي ترتكز عليها رواية
|
7 – Textual Equivalence: Cohesion
|
Cohesion
Cohesion is a surface relation; it connects together
the actual words and expressions that we can see or hear. (Mona Baker, 1992:180)
the actual words and expressions that we can see or hear. (Mona Baker, 1992:180)
The efficient translator has to pay attention to the
cohesive devices and their appropriate transfer into a target text in order to
have an appropriate ‘texture’.
cohesive devices and their appropriate transfer into a target text in order to
have an appropriate ‘texture’.
The cohesive devices of the SLT are various. The
second paragraph, for example, is connected mainly though the continuous use of
punctuation, i.e.semi-colons. One has to be aware that the Arabic cohesive
devices are different from those of English. Even the unwary translator notices
that semi-colons will not be effective in the TLT. A suggested translation is
to be based on the fact that relations between sentences in Arabic are explicit
rather than implicit. Therefore, the TL sentences are connected by repeating (كان).
second paragraph, for example, is connected mainly though the continuous use of
punctuation, i.e.semi-colons. One has to be aware that the Arabic cohesive
devices are different from those of English. Even the unwary translator notices
that semi-colons will not be effective in the TLT. A suggested translation is
to be based on the fact that relations between sentences in Arabic are explicit
rather than implicit. Therefore, the TL sentences are connected by repeating (كان).
كان في أوقات فراغه…..
كان بحاراً بسيطاً……
كان رُباناً للباخرة أوتاجو…….
كان قبطاناً لباخرة نهرية……..
كان كاتباً محترفاً…………..
Repetition ( which is another cohesive device ) is
employed here to keep the thread of the text upheld.
employed here to keep the thread of the text upheld.
7.1 Cohesion through Conjunction
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976),
this device can be separated into four categories: additive, signalling additional information (e.g. and,
also , etc); adversative, indicating contrast with a previous item (e.g.
but, however, etc.) ; casual, signalling cause, consequence, result and
purpose (e.g. so, consequently, etc); and temporal, indicating time
sequence (e.g. then, next, etc).
this device can be separated into four categories: additive, signalling additional information (e.g. and,
also , etc); adversative, indicating contrast with a previous item (e.g.
but, however, etc.) ; casual, signalling cause, consequence, result and
purpose (e.g. so, consequently, etc); and temporal, indicating time
sequence (e.g. then, next, etc).
Some of the examples in the SLT fall in the
(adversative) category: but (L 48, 59, 72 and 88); however
(L 81). They are translated in a straight forward manner.
(adversative) category: but (L 48, 59, 72 and 88); however
(L 81). They are translated in a straight forward manner.
Besides, the additive
category is realised through the noticeable use of the conjunction (and)
(L.4,7,20,33,34,37,39,46,49,52,64,67,69,78,79,83,86,87,89,91 and 93 )
category is realised through the noticeable use of the conjunction (and)
(L.4,7,20,33,34,37,39,46,49,52,64,67,69,78,79,83,86,87,89,91 and 93 )
The Cohesive device (and) has been mostly transferred
in a direct way. However, the use of and (L. 4, 34 and 46) has been
transferred differently. In line 4, it is not translated at all to give the
effect that the coming structure is a new sentence stating a fact in the life
the writer. In line 34, (and) is translated into (أما) as it is more appropriate in the Arabic
context. Finally, in line 46, (and even) is transferred to (حتى) without ( و )
because ( و حتى ) is
grammatically ill-formed.
in a direct way. However, the use of and (L. 4, 34 and 46) has been
transferred differently. In line 4, it is not translated at all to give the
effect that the coming structure is a new sentence stating a fact in the life
the writer. In line 34, (and) is translated into (أما) as it is more appropriate in the Arabic
context. Finally, in line 46, (and even) is transferred to (حتى) without ( و )
because ( و حتى ) is
grammatically ill-formed.
Another noticeable difference between English and
Arabic with regards to the use of cohesive devices lies in the fact that Arabic
– contrary to English – is highly inflected.
Standard Arabic denotes most syntactic relations through inflectional
affixes or even a change of the vowel affixs.
Arabic with regards to the use of cohesive devices lies in the fact that Arabic
– contrary to English – is highly inflected.
Standard Arabic denotes most syntactic relations through inflectional
affixes or even a change of the vowel affixs.
So, almost all Arabic verbs, nouns adjectives,
pronouns and adverbs are highly inflected. Nouns, for example, are inflected
for number, gender and case. Nouns have singular, dual and plural forms. Each
has two different forms (masculine and feminine). Adjectives follow nouns and
agree with them .. الصفة تتبع
الموصوف في اللغة العربية The English
language lacks such a property.
pronouns and adverbs are highly inflected. Nouns, for example, are inflected
for number, gender and case. Nouns have singular, dual and plural forms. Each
has two different forms (masculine and feminine). Adjectives follow nouns and
agree with them .. الصفة تتبع
الموصوف في اللغة العربية The English
language lacks such a property.
For Example,
1-
Adjectives agree with nouns
Adjectives agree with nouns
رواية ميلودرامية
القرارات المصيرية
التغيرات غير المتوقعة
كاتباً روائياً محترفاً
حياة غريبة وعجيبة
أسرة ذات حسب
أنشطته السياسية
الجنسية النمساوية
التجارة البحرية
الاستقرار التام
الناحية الاحترافية
بشكل منتظم
الأحداث الواقعية
2- Nouns have singular, dual or plural forms.
The
following is a case of a dual form:
following is a case of a dual form:
خبرة
و ذكاء ثاقبين و متواصلين
و ذكاء ثاقبين و متواصلين
3- Verbs are
inflected to agree with the syntactic structure:
inflected to agree with the syntactic structure:
(Singular,
feminine) توفت والدته
feminine) توفت والدته
(Singular,
feminine) قامت العائلة
feminine) قامت العائلة
(Singular, masculine)يأخذ على عاتقه
(Plural, masculine) يبدون فيه على
حالة الاستقرار
حالة الاستقرار
A special pattern of cohesion is suggested in the
target text in order to reflect the accurate message that the source text
conveys. In an attempt to connect sentences together, the translator uses (ألا و هو ) in
line 16 , ألا و هي ) ) in line 43, (و من
الجدير بالذكر) in line 20
and (إلا أن ) in
line 22 .
target text in order to reflect the accurate message that the source text
conveys. In an attempt to connect sentences together, the translator uses (ألا و هو ) in
line 16 , ألا و هي ) ) in line 43, (و من
الجدير بالذكر) in line 20
and (إلا أن ) in
line 22 .
The above examples illustrate how conjunctions which
are typically used in Arabic discourse are added to a translation to make it smoother,
even when no conjunctions are used in the source text. (Baker: 1992: 194)
are typically used in Arabic discourse are added to a translation to make it smoother,
even when no conjunctions are used in the source text. (Baker: 1992: 194)
7.2 Cohesion
through Reference
through Reference
One of the most common patterns of establishing chains
of reference in English and a number of other languages is to mention a
participant explicitly in the first instance, for example, by name or title,
and then use a pronoun to refer back to the same participant in the immediate
context. (Baker: 1992:181)
of reference in English and a number of other languages is to mention a
participant explicitly in the first instance, for example, by name or title,
and then use a pronoun to refer back to the same participant in the immediate
context. (Baker: 1992:181)
Halliday and Hasan (1976:37) suggest three types of
reference: personal, demonstrative and comparative.
reference: personal, demonstrative and comparative.
In Arabic “a different pattern seems to be in
operation”. For example, in the first two paragraphs of the source text a
partipant is mentioned (i.e.Conrad) and its anaphora (i.e. he) is repeated four
times (L 3, 6, 8 and 11). This anaphora is not transferred in the target text;
it is omitted since omission of the pronoun is a common grammatical feature in
Arabic.
operation”. For example, in the first two paragraphs of the source text a
partipant is mentioned (i.e.Conrad) and its anaphora (i.e. he) is repeated four
times (L 3, 6, 8 and 11). This anaphora is not transferred in the target text;
it is omitted since omission of the pronoun is a common grammatical feature in
Arabic.
The following structure a structure is not accepted.
Note that the asterisc (*) means the structure is incorrect.
Note that the asterisc (*) means the structure is incorrect.
* (هو) وُلد بمدينة…………..
* (هو) وافتة المنية………….
* كان (هو) فى أوقات عديدة………….
* (هو) أغرقته الديون……
Therefore, (the pronoun) is omitted. The same
technique is used with the other five paragraphs.
technique is used with the other five paragraphs.
The following point is a conception:
The pronoun (he) in L46 is rendered as the name (كونراد )
because in the target text if the
name is not mentioned in this context, the reader will be confused since the
preceding sentence (L.43) of the source text mentions three persons (Conrad,
his father and his uncle).
because in the target text if the
name is not mentioned in this context, the reader will be confused since the
preceding sentence (L.43) of the source text mentions three persons (Conrad,
his father and his uncle).
7.2.1 Another type of reference relation is that of
co-reference. A chain of co-referential
items is:
co-reference. A chain of co-referential
items is:
Conrad → the
child → a British subject → a reluctant
student → apprentice seaman → a
gun-runner → smuggler→ a qualified ship’s officer → a Master Mariner → a
serving officer → commander → a professional novelist.
child → a British subject → a reluctant
student → apprentice seaman → a
gun-runner → smuggler→ a qualified ship’s officer → a Master Mariner → a
serving officer → commander → a professional novelist.
The above co-referential chain is translated
directly in the target text to keep the same effect of the SLT.
directly in the target text to keep the same effect of the SLT.
كونراد ← طفلا ← طالباً ← متمرداً← بحاراً ← مبتدئا ← مهرباً للأسلحة ← بحاراً بسيطاً ← ضابط بحرياً ← رُباناً ← قبطاناً ← كاتباً روائيا.
Only one item of the chain is dropped (i.e. a British
citizen) because it has been translated into:
citizen) because it has been translated into:
حصل على الجنسية البريطانية
Therefore, since it is not translated literally, it is
not included in the chain.
not included in the chain.
|
8 –
Miscellaneous Items |
1-
I encountered a polysemous word which has more than one meaning in Arabic.
Polysemy is defined as: one form having multiple meanings which are related by
extension. George Yule (1996: 121). The
word (uncle) covers two related meanings: either (العم) or (الخال). The meaning is specified according to
the understanding of the context. The word (العم ) has
been chosen as a translation to (his uncle) L.37. This is due to the apparent similarity
between the last name of Conrad’s uncle and that of his father.
I encountered a polysemous word which has more than one meaning in Arabic.
Polysemy is defined as: one form having multiple meanings which are related by
extension. George Yule (1996: 121). The
word (uncle) covers two related meanings: either (العم) or (الخال). The meaning is specified according to
the understanding of the context. The word (العم ) has
been chosen as a translation to (his uncle) L.37. This is due to the apparent similarity
between the last name of Conrad’s uncle and that of his father.
2- Finally, one of the strange problems that
encountered me was the two forms of the name of the writer: Conrad and Konrad.
The same effect cannot be spelt out in translation since Arabic makes no
distinction between /c/ and /k/ when both are pronounced as a voiceless velar
plosive consonant. The appropriate solution was to write the names in English in
the TLT.
encountered me was the two forms of the name of the writer: Conrad and Konrad.
The same effect cannot be spelt out in translation since Arabic makes no
distinction between /c/ and /k/ when both are pronounced as a voiceless velar
plosive consonant. The appropriate solution was to write the names in English in
the TLT.
|
Conclusion
|
Translation is a
discipline rather than an art. It is a professional training approach based on
academic studies. The main objectives of the course have been to teach us ‘the
main aspects of linguistics theory underpinning the process of translation’ and
‘to understand the notion of equivalence at the various levels of linguistics analyses.
We also learned to be aware of the implications of translation. In the past I
used to translate without bearing in mind any of the above points. From now on,
levels of translation will direct me and, hopefully, lead me to perform more
reliable translations.
discipline rather than an art. It is a professional training approach based on
academic studies. The main objectives of the course have been to teach us ‘the
main aspects of linguistics theory underpinning the process of translation’ and
‘to understand the notion of equivalence at the various levels of linguistics analyses.
We also learned to be aware of the implications of translation. In the past I
used to translate without bearing in mind any of the above points. From now on,
levels of translation will direct me and, hopefully, lead me to perform more
reliable translations.
Most translators prefer to
think of their work as a profession and would like to see others treat them as
professional rather than skilled or semi-skilled workers. But to achieve this
translators need to develop an ability to stand back and reflect on what they
do and how they do it. Like doctors and engineers they have to prove to
themselves as well as to others that they are in control of what they do: that
they do not just translate well because they have a “flair” for translation,
but rather because, like other professionals, they have made a conscious effort
to understand various aspects of their work. Mona Baker (1994: 4)
think of their work as a profession and would like to see others treat them as
professional rather than skilled or semi-skilled workers. But to achieve this
translators need to develop an ability to stand back and reflect on what they
do and how they do it. Like doctors and engineers they have to prove to
themselves as well as to others that they are in control of what they do: that
they do not just translate well because they have a “flair” for translation,
but rather because, like other professionals, they have made a conscious effort
to understand various aspects of their work. Mona Baker (1994: 4)
|
Works Cited
|
Conrad, J. (1982). Lord Jim.
London: Macmillan Education.
London: Macmillan Education.
Baker, M. (1994). In other words:
A Cursebook for Translation. London: Routledge.
A Cursebook for Translation. London: Routledge.
Yule, G. (1996). The Study of
Language. Cambridge University Press,
Language. Cambridge University Press,
Halliday, M. and Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion
in English. London: Longman.
in English. London: Longman.
Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic
Theory of Transaltion. Oxford: Oxford Press.
Theory of Transaltion. Oxford: Oxford Press.
Newmark, P. (1981) Approaches to
Transaltion. England: Pergamon Press.
Transaltion. England: Pergamon Press.
Palmer, F.R. (1984). Grammar.
London: Penguin Group.
London: Penguin Group.
Palmer, F.R. ( 1996 ). Semantics.
England: Cambridge.
England: Cambridge.
Hoffman, Th.R. (1993).
Realms of meaning. England: Longman.
Realms of meaning. England: Longman.
Larson, M. ( 1984 ). Meaning- Based Translation. USA:
University Press of American Inc.
University Press of American Inc.
تم
بحمد الله
بحمد الله
محمد
عبد السلام أنصاري
عبد السلام أنصاري
===================================================
العالم البروفسيور الفريد كوروز من أشهر علماء الجيولوجيا في العالم .. حضر مؤتمرا
جيولوجيا في كلية علوم الأرض في جامعة الملك عبد العزيز .. قلت له : هل عندكم
حقائق أن جزيزة العرب -أن أرض العرب – كانت بساتين وأنهارا – هذه الصحراء التي
ترونها كانت قبل ذلك بساتين وحدائق فقال : نعم هذه مسألة معروفة عندنا .. وحقيقة
من الحقائق العلمية وعلماء الجيولوجيا يعرفونها .. لأنك إذا حفرت في أي منطقة تجد
الآثار التي تدلك على أن هذه الأرض كانت مروجا وأنهارا , والأدلة كثيرة .. فقط
لعلمكم منها قرية الفاو التي اكتشفت تحت رمال الربع الخالي .. وهناك أدلة كثيرة في
هذا . قلت له : وهل عندك دليل على أن بلاد العرب ستعود مروجا وأنهارا ؟ .. قال هذه
مسألة حقيقية ثابتة نعرفها نحن الجيولوجيون ونقيسها ونحسبها , ونستطيع أن نقول
بالتقريب حتى يكون ذلك .. وهي مسألة ليست عنكم ببعيدة وهي قريبة .. قلت : لماذا ؟
قال : لأننا درسنا تاريخ الأرض في الماضي فوجدنا أنها تمر بأحقاب متعددة من ضمن
هذه الأحقاب المتعددة .. حقبة تسمى العصور الجليدية . وما معنى العصر الجليدي ؟
معناه : أن كمية من ماء البحر تتحول إلى ثلج وتتجمع في القطب المتجمد الشمالي ثم
تزحف نحو الجنوب وعندما تزحف نحو الجنوب تغطي ما تحتها وتغير الطقس في الأرض , ومن
ضمن تغيير الطقس تغيير يحدث في بلاد العرب , فيكون الطقس باردا , وتكون بلاد العرب
من أكثر بلاد العالم أمطارا وأنهارا . وكنت أربط بين السيول والأمطار في منطقة
أبها وبين تلك التي تحدث في شمال أوروبا وأنا أتأمل فيما يقول قلت له : تأكد لنا
هذا قال : نعم هذه حقيقة لا مفر منها ! قلت له : اسمع من أخبر محمدا صلى الله عليه
وسلم بذلك هذا كله مذكور في حديث رواه مسلم يقول صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( لا تقوم
الساعة حتى تعود أرض العرب مروجا وأنهارا ) من قال لمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم أن
أرض العرب كانت مروجا وأنهارا ؟! ففكر وقال : الرومان .. فقلت له : ومن أخبره بأن
أرض العرب ستعود مروجا وأنهارا .. ففكر وفكر وقال : ( فيه فوق !! ) وهنا قلت له :
اكتب .. فكتب بخطه لقد أدهشتني الحقائق العلمية التي رأيتها في القرآن والسنة ولم
نتمكن من التدليل عليها إلا في الآونة الأخيرة بالطرق العلمية الحديثة وهذا يدل
على أن النبي محمدا صلى الله عليه وسلم لم يصل إلى هذا العلم إلا بوحي علوي .. قال
الزنداني : أيها الإخوة الكرام : هذا موقف الملحد الكبير الألماني وقد تضاعف شعوري
بمسئولية الأمة الإسلامية أمام دينها, وأنا أرى قيادات العالم الكبار ما أن تقوم
لهم الحقائق حتى يسلموا .. ليس فقط يسلموا بل وينشروا ويكتبوا في كتبهم دون مبالاة
فقلت في نفسى : لو أن هناك عملا جادا من أمة الإسلام ومن الجامعات فلن تمر عشر
سنوات إلا وثلث علماء الأرض في عشر سنوات أو خمس عشرة سنة من المسلمين . والله هذا
الألماني مامر بيني وبينه سوى ساعتين ونصف ساعة حتى قال هذا كله .. وهذا عملاق من
عمالقة العلم . ويكتب هذا ويقره وهذا يدل على أن هناك علما واحدا وحقيقة واحدة
وإلها واحدا وأن هناك حركة وعملا من المسلمين وجد إن بيدنا الحق الذي لا يأتيه
الباطل من بين يديه ولا من خلفه إن هذا العصر عصر خضع فيه كل شيء فيه للعلم ,
ولكننا في بدايات عصر خضوع العلم للإسلام وللقرآن إنه الحق قال تعالى : (
سَنُرِيهِمْ آيَاتِنَا فِي الْآفَاقِ وَفِي أَنفُسِهِمْ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ
أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ أَوَلَمْ يَكْفِ بِرَبِّكَ أَنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيد )
سورة فصلت : 53
العالم البروفسيور الفريد كوروز من أشهر علماء الجيولوجيا في العالم .. حضر مؤتمرا
جيولوجيا في كلية علوم الأرض في جامعة الملك عبد العزيز .. قلت له : هل عندكم
حقائق أن جزيزة العرب -أن أرض العرب – كانت بساتين وأنهارا – هذه الصحراء التي
ترونها كانت قبل ذلك بساتين وحدائق فقال : نعم هذه مسألة معروفة عندنا .. وحقيقة
من الحقائق العلمية وعلماء الجيولوجيا يعرفونها .. لأنك إذا حفرت في أي منطقة تجد
الآثار التي تدلك على أن هذه الأرض كانت مروجا وأنهارا , والأدلة كثيرة .. فقط
لعلمكم منها قرية الفاو التي اكتشفت تحت رمال الربع الخالي .. وهناك أدلة كثيرة في
هذا . قلت له : وهل عندك دليل على أن بلاد العرب ستعود مروجا وأنهارا ؟ .. قال هذه
مسألة حقيقية ثابتة نعرفها نحن الجيولوجيون ونقيسها ونحسبها , ونستطيع أن نقول
بالتقريب حتى يكون ذلك .. وهي مسألة ليست عنكم ببعيدة وهي قريبة .. قلت : لماذا ؟
قال : لأننا درسنا تاريخ الأرض في الماضي فوجدنا أنها تمر بأحقاب متعددة من ضمن
هذه الأحقاب المتعددة .. حقبة تسمى العصور الجليدية . وما معنى العصر الجليدي ؟
معناه : أن كمية من ماء البحر تتحول إلى ثلج وتتجمع في القطب المتجمد الشمالي ثم
تزحف نحو الجنوب وعندما تزحف نحو الجنوب تغطي ما تحتها وتغير الطقس في الأرض , ومن
ضمن تغيير الطقس تغيير يحدث في بلاد العرب , فيكون الطقس باردا , وتكون بلاد العرب
من أكثر بلاد العالم أمطارا وأنهارا . وكنت أربط بين السيول والأمطار في منطقة
أبها وبين تلك التي تحدث في شمال أوروبا وأنا أتأمل فيما يقول قلت له : تأكد لنا
هذا قال : نعم هذه حقيقة لا مفر منها ! قلت له : اسمع من أخبر محمدا صلى الله عليه
وسلم بذلك هذا كله مذكور في حديث رواه مسلم يقول صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( لا تقوم
الساعة حتى تعود أرض العرب مروجا وأنهارا ) من قال لمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم أن
أرض العرب كانت مروجا وأنهارا ؟! ففكر وقال : الرومان .. فقلت له : ومن أخبره بأن
أرض العرب ستعود مروجا وأنهارا .. ففكر وفكر وقال : ( فيه فوق !! ) وهنا قلت له :
اكتب .. فكتب بخطه لقد أدهشتني الحقائق العلمية التي رأيتها في القرآن والسنة ولم
نتمكن من التدليل عليها إلا في الآونة الأخيرة بالطرق العلمية الحديثة وهذا يدل
على أن النبي محمدا صلى الله عليه وسلم لم يصل إلى هذا العلم إلا بوحي علوي .. قال
الزنداني : أيها الإخوة الكرام : هذا موقف الملحد الكبير الألماني وقد تضاعف شعوري
بمسئولية الأمة الإسلامية أمام دينها, وأنا أرى قيادات العالم الكبار ما أن تقوم
لهم الحقائق حتى يسلموا .. ليس فقط يسلموا بل وينشروا ويكتبوا في كتبهم دون مبالاة
فقلت في نفسى : لو أن هناك عملا جادا من أمة الإسلام ومن الجامعات فلن تمر عشر
سنوات إلا وثلث علماء الأرض في عشر سنوات أو خمس عشرة سنة من المسلمين . والله هذا
الألماني مامر بيني وبينه سوى ساعتين ونصف ساعة حتى قال هذا كله .. وهذا عملاق من
عمالقة العلم . ويكتب هذا ويقره وهذا يدل على أن هناك علما واحدا وحقيقة واحدة
وإلها واحدا وأن هناك حركة وعملا من المسلمين وجد إن بيدنا الحق الذي لا يأتيه
الباطل من بين يديه ولا من خلفه إن هذا العصر عصر خضع فيه كل شيء فيه للعلم ,
ولكننا في بدايات عصر خضوع العلم للإسلام وللقرآن إنه الحق قال تعالى : (
سَنُرِيهِمْ آيَاتِنَا فِي الْآفَاقِ وَفِي أَنفُسِهِمْ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ
أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ أَوَلَمْ يَكْفِ بِرَبِّكَ أَنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيد )
سورة فصلت : 53
االمصدر ” العلم طريق الإيمان ” للشيخ عبد المجيد الزنداني
القسم : الإعجاز
العلمي في القرآن والسنه
العلمي في القرآن والسنه
Professor Alfred Corose, one of the most famous
geologists in the world, attended a geological conference at the Faculty of
Earth Sciences (FES) at King Abdulaziz
University (KAAU). I asked him: “Do you
have any pretexts that the Arab Peninsula – the land of Arabs – was orchards
and rivers? This desert that you see now was orchards and gardens in the past…” He said: “Yes this is a well-known matter for
us. It is considered a scientific fact that geologists are aware of because if
you dig in any place (in the Arab Peninsula), you will find the remains that
prove to you that this land was prairies and rivers. There are many
proofs. Let me inform you that Al-Faw
Village which was discovered under the sand of Al Rabe’ Al
Khali is one of these places. There are many
proofs concerning this point. I said to him: “This is a firm, real issue that
is known to us as geologists. We evaluate it accurately. Roughly we can say so.
In addition, it is a matter that occurred not too long ago. I asked:
geologists in the world, attended a geological conference at the Faculty of
Earth Sciences (FES) at King Abdulaziz
University (KAAU). I asked him: “Do you
have any pretexts that the Arab Peninsula – the land of Arabs – was orchards
and rivers? This desert that you see now was orchards and gardens in the past…” He said: “Yes this is a well-known matter for
us. It is considered a scientific fact that geologists are aware of because if
you dig in any place (in the Arab Peninsula), you will find the remains that
prove to you that this land was prairies and rivers. There are many
proofs. Let me inform you that Al-Faw
Village which was discovered under the sand of Al Rabe’ Al
Khali is one of these places. There are many
proofs concerning this point. I said to him: “This is a firm, real issue that
is known to us as geologists. We evaluate it accurately. Roughly we can say so.
In addition, it is a matter that occurred not too long ago. I asked:
“Why?”
He said: “Because we studied the history of Earth in the past and we found out
that it passes several eras; one of which is an era called Ice Ages.” I said: “What
is the meaning of the Ice Age?” He said: “It means that an amount of sea water
changes to ice and accumulates in the arctic. Then it flows towards the South.
When it moves towards the South, it covers what is beneath it and changes the
climate of Earth. Among these changes that occur to the climate there is a
change that takes place in the land of Arabs (Arab Peninsula). Then, the climate
becomes cold and the countries of Arabs become among the rainiest countries along
with rivers.” While pondering of what he was saying, I linked between the
floods and the rains in the area of Abha and between those which occur in the
North of Europe. Then I said to him: Can you prove it? He said: “Yes. This is
an indispensable fact”. I said to him “listen! Who informed prophet Muhammed (peace
and prayer be upon him) about that? All that is mentioned in a Hadith narrated
by Imam Muslim saying “Prophet Muhammed (peace and prayer be upon him) says:
The Judgement day never comes till the land of Arabs returns to be pairies and
rivers”. Who told Prophet Muhammed that the land of Arabs was pairies and
rivers? Then he pondered and said: “The Romans”. I said to him: “Who told him (the
prophet) that the land of Arabs will become pairies and rivers once again?” He
kept thinking and finally said: (A High supreme Power!!). Then I said to him: “Write
it down”. He wrote: “I was surprised by the scientific facts which I found in
the Holy Qura’an and Sunnah. We were not able to prove them till the recent
days by the modern scientific methods. This proves that Prophet Muhammed (peace
and prayer be upon him) did not reach this knowledge except by a revelation
from Heaven. Al Zidani said: “Dear generous brothers, this is the attitude of
the big German athiest. My feeling of the responsibility of the Muslim nation
towards its religion increased. I see that once the top leaders of the world
get facts, they convert to Islam. Not only do they convert but they also spread
Islam and write about it in their books courageously. Then, I said to myself: “
If there were a serious work to be done by the Nation of Islam as well as
Universities, in a ten – year time the third of the
scientists of the world would convert to Islam within ten or fifteen years. I swear that the
meeting between the German geologist and me took only two hours and a half and
then he said all that. He is one of the giants of science. He admits all that
to prove that there is one science, one truth and one deity and that there is a
serious effort exerted by Muslims. He found that the right is within our hands
– the right that no falsehood can approach at all. This is an age where
everything is subject to Science. But we are at the beginning of the age of the
subjection of science to Islam and Qura’an. It is the right. Allah says: “We
will show them Our Signs in the universe, and in their own selves, until it
becomes manifest to them that this (the Qur’an) is the truth. Is it not
sufficient in regard to your Lord that He is a Witness over all things?”
He said: “Because we studied the history of Earth in the past and we found out
that it passes several eras; one of which is an era called Ice Ages.” I said: “What
is the meaning of the Ice Age?” He said: “It means that an amount of sea water
changes to ice and accumulates in the arctic. Then it flows towards the South.
When it moves towards the South, it covers what is beneath it and changes the
climate of Earth. Among these changes that occur to the climate there is a
change that takes place in the land of Arabs (Arab Peninsula). Then, the climate
becomes cold and the countries of Arabs become among the rainiest countries along
with rivers.” While pondering of what he was saying, I linked between the
floods and the rains in the area of Abha and between those which occur in the
North of Europe. Then I said to him: Can you prove it? He said: “Yes. This is
an indispensable fact”. I said to him “listen! Who informed prophet Muhammed (peace
and prayer be upon him) about that? All that is mentioned in a Hadith narrated
by Imam Muslim saying “Prophet Muhammed (peace and prayer be upon him) says:
The Judgement day never comes till the land of Arabs returns to be pairies and
rivers”. Who told Prophet Muhammed that the land of Arabs was pairies and
rivers? Then he pondered and said: “The Romans”. I said to him: “Who told him (the
prophet) that the land of Arabs will become pairies and rivers once again?” He
kept thinking and finally said: (A High supreme Power!!). Then I said to him: “Write
it down”. He wrote: “I was surprised by the scientific facts which I found in
the Holy Qura’an and Sunnah. We were not able to prove them till the recent
days by the modern scientific methods. This proves that Prophet Muhammed (peace
and prayer be upon him) did not reach this knowledge except by a revelation
from Heaven. Al Zidani said: “Dear generous brothers, this is the attitude of
the big German athiest. My feeling of the responsibility of the Muslim nation
towards its religion increased. I see that once the top leaders of the world
get facts, they convert to Islam. Not only do they convert but they also spread
Islam and write about it in their books courageously. Then, I said to myself: “
If there were a serious work to be done by the Nation of Islam as well as
Universities, in a ten – year time the third of the
scientists of the world would convert to Islam within ten or fifteen years. I swear that the
meeting between the German geologist and me took only two hours and a half and
then he said all that. He is one of the giants of science. He admits all that
to prove that there is one science, one truth and one deity and that there is a
serious effort exerted by Muslims. He found that the right is within our hands
– the right that no falsehood can approach at all. This is an age where
everything is subject to Science. But we are at the beginning of the age of the
subjection of science to Islam and Qura’an. It is the right. Allah says: “We
will show them Our Signs in the universe, and in their own selves, until it
becomes manifest to them that this (the Qur’an) is the truth. Is it not
sufficient in regard to your Lord that He is a Witness over all things?”
Fussilat (53).
Source: Science:
Pathway to Faith
Pathway to Faith
By: Sheikh
Abdul Majid Al Zindani
Abdul Majid Al Zindani
Section:
Scientific Miracles in Qur’an and Sunnah
Scientific Miracles in Qur’an and Sunnah
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